Ваагн (от Вана и Ваэ) - архетип образа Яхве
(о божестве вулканической активности)
Приложение
Тешуб, Тешшуб (хуррит. Tessob, Tessub), Тейшеба (урарт. Teiseba), хуррито-урартский бог грозы. Имя Тешуб в хурритском и урартском языках, видимо, генетически восходит к общему прототипу; -seb, -seba в нём, возможно, родственно хеттскому -zif-> хетт. -zipa, -sepa в именах богов и имеет соответствия в названиях божеств в нахско-дагестанских языках. Священный город и резиденция Тешуба - Куммия (хуррит. Kumme, урарт. Qume-wu, первоначальное значение, по-видимому, "священный" > ликийск. kum-, "священный"), его жена - Хебат (хуррит. Hebat, урарт. Huba; ряд исследователей предполагает их генетическую общность). В хурритской мифологии Тешуб возглавляет богов актуального настоящего. Согласно теогоническому циклу о смене поколений богов (см. в ст. Хурритская мифология), отец Тешуба - Кумарби (бог Ану, побеждённый Кумарби, оставляет в нём своё семя, в результате Тешуб выходит из головы Кумарби), Тешуб свергает его с небесного престола. Кумарби родит сына-мстителя Улликумме, призванного вернуть ему власть на небесах. Тешуб побеждает Улликумме, а затем захватившего власть бога-хранителя (KAL) и также претендующего на небесный престол бога Серебро. По мере распространения хурритского культурного влияния мифы о Тешубе, обрядовые изображения Тешуба (в частности, в образе быка) и богов его свиты (брата Ташмишу и др.) широко распространились в пределах Хеттского царства. Тешуб и сопутствующие ему божества изображены на рельефах святилища Язылыкая близ Богазкёя.
Лит.: Laroche E., Tessub, Hebat et leur cour,
"Journal of cuneiform studies", 1948, v. 2, No 2.
В. В. Иванов
Тешуб — бог грозы,
почитаемый во всей Малой Азии. В текстах хеттской
мифологии говорится о том, как грозный Тешуб победил отца богов Кумарби.
Кумарби родил сына-мстителя Улликумме, призванного вернуть ему власть;
сотворенный из диорита и выросший до огромных размеров на спине гиганта
Упеллури, он был так велик, что, пытаясь рассмотреть его, Тешуб поднялся на
вершину высокой горы, а увидев чудовище, пришел в ужас и призвал богов на
помощь. Однако это не принесло ему успеха. Улликумме добрался до ворот Куммии,
родного города Тешуба, и заставил бога отречься от власти. Тешуб искал совета у
мудрого бога Энки; после недолгих размышлений тот извлек из земли древнюю
пилу с помощью которой были разделены небеса и земля, и разрезал диорит у
основания. В результате Улликумме быстро ослабел, и боги решили снова напасть
на него. Конец текста утерян, но принято считать, что Тешуб все же вернул себе
царство и трон. Супруга Тешуба, Хебат, занимала равное положение со своим
мужем, а иногда и превосходила его. Атрибуты Тешуба - топор и молния.
Иногда его изображали с бородой, вооруженным дубинкой, попирающим священную
гору. К верховным богам Урарту относятся боги Халди,
Тейшеба и Шивини, а также их супруги Арубаини, Хуба
и Тушпуеа. Три верховных мужских божества образовывали триаду в
урартской религии, что является распространённой в ближневосточных религиях
ситуацией. В различных реляциях и в описаниях своих подвигов урартские цари регулярно выделяли именно
эти три божества. Супруга бога Халди
(верховный бог) –Арубани, Супруга бога Тейшебы (бог грозы и войны)
- Хуба. Супруга бога Шивини (бог солнца) – Тушпуеа.
Интересная
связь имеется в названии города Аринна (Arinna), a city a day's march from Hattusa the capital of the Hittites, was perhaps the
major cult center of the Hittites, and certainly of their major sun goddess, known as dUTU URUArinna
"sun goddess of Arinna". Hittite Empire. Name: URUHa-at-ti ("The Land of Hatti") 16th century BC, 1180 BC.
http://ru.wikipedia.org
Извержение вулкана - процесс выброса вулканом на земную поверхность раскалённых обломков, пепла,
излияние магмы,
которая, излившись на поверхность, становится лавой. Извержение вулкана может
иметь временной период от нескольких часов до многих лет.Извержения вулканов
относятся к геологическим чрезвычайным ситуациям, которые могут привести к стихийным бедствиям.
ВУЛКАНИЧЕСКИЕ
ИЗВЕРЖЕНИЯ – volcanic
eruption – период деятельности вулкана, когда он выбрасывает на земную
поверхность раскаленные или горячие газообразные, жидкие и твердые продукты и
изливает лаву. Являются крупными стихийными бедствиями, разрушающими природные
и антропогенные системы и угрожающие жизни людей. Они бывают длительными
(несколько лет и более) и кратковременными (часы). Им предшествуют
землетрясения, акустические явления, изменения магнитных свойств, состава
фумарольных газов и др. явления.
Types of volcanic eruptions, http://en.wikipedia.org/
During a volcanic
eruption, lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic
bombs and blocks), and various gases are expelled from a volcanic
vent or fissure. Several types of volcanic eruptions have been
distinguished by volcanologists. These are often named after famous volcanoes where
that type of behavior has been observed. Some volcanoes may exhibit only one
characteristic type of eruption during a period of activity, while others may
display an entire sequence of types all in one eruptive series.
Erection, From Wikipedia,
the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, accepted on 15 November 2010.
Penile erection is a
physiological phenomenon where the penis becomes enlarged and firm. Penile erection is the result
of a complex interaction of psychological, neural, vascular and endocrine
factors, and is usually, though not exclusively, associated with sexual
arousal. Penile erection can also occur due to a full urinary
bladder. In some males, erection can occur spontaneously at any time
of day, and is known as nocturnal penile tumescence when occurring
during REM sleep.
Эре́кция (http://ru.wikipedia.org) (от лат. erectio) — увеличение объёма и отвердение
полового члена в результате наполнения кровью
полостей пещеристых тел; как правило, происходит под влиянием импульсов, поступающих при половом возбуждении от нервных клеток, расположенных в поясничном отделе спинного мозга. Для человека, в отличие от животных,
большое значение для эрекции имеет вторая сигнальная система. Она провоцирует эрекцию без
физического воздействия на эрогенные зоны или демонстрации возбуждающего
объекта, а только лишь при воспроизведении образа такового в сознании. Эрекция, в частности, наступает при мысленном воспроизведении сексуальных переживаний.
Mount Wank (German pronunciation: [ˈvaŋk]) is a German
mountain close to the Austrian border in the southwestern Estergebirge
range near Garmisch-Partenkirchen. The peak is
(Paper submitted
to Images of Women in the
Ancient World: Issues of Interpretation and Identity, Spring 1998)
THE ORIGINS OF ARTEMIS
Some say that Artemis's origins lie in Artemis Ephesus, as a Great Mother
Goddess. As Artemis Ephesus she is not a virgin, but is instead featured in a
sculpture with many breasts, thus, signifying that she is mother of all life.
Leeming speculates that Artemis probably once had a lover attendant as Artemis
Ephesus, but never as a Greek goddess. He continues to say that the change from
the Mother Goddess to the virginal and masculine Pallas Athena "suggests a
defeminization of the Great Goddess."
Leeming contributes this "defeminization" to the undermining of her
powerful matriarchal cult by patriarchal Homeric/Olympian religion. The final
product of this "defeminization" is the Artemis that most are
familiar with today: the virgin goddess of the hunt and childbirth and the
protector of the young, both animals and humans.
THE BIRTH OF ARTEMIS
Of all the major
Olympian goddesses, Artemis is the only one who had a mother. Artemis is
usually considered to be the daughter of Leto and Zeus. Hera, Zeus's wife, was
furious upon learning of her husband's infidelity and forbade anyone to give
refuge to Leto in order to give birth to her twins. Leto wandered around and
finally settled to the island of Delos to deliver her children. Apollo became
god of the sun and Artemis became goddess of the moon and of the hunt.
ATTRIBUTES OF ARTEMIS
Artemis can
easily be identified wearing her short tunic with flat-heeled sandals with a
bag of arrows on her back. She is associated with many of the animals of the
wild including the bear, the boar, the stag, the goat and packs of dogs. She is
the goddess of the hunt and is thus associated with death, bows and arrows and
youth. Her arrows, often used in the hunt, serve several other purposes as
well. Artemis is said to have the power to infect people with a plague with her
arrows as well as use them to punish those who have wronged her. She is
associated with childbirth and may use her arrows to relieve those in labor.
Artemis is also associated with the crescent moon, which she sometimes wears
upon her head. Artemis, like Athena, is a chaste goddess and her many followers
take vows of chastity while under the service of Artemis.
FEMINIST ARTEMIS
Feminists such as Ginette Paris praise Artemis because she is "an archetype of femininity that is pure and primitive." She clarifies this statement by pointing out that Artemis does not exist in relation to any males. She is not identified as a wife (Hera to Zeus), lover (Aphrodite to Mars), child (Athena to Zeus) or as mother (Demeter to Persephone). However, Downing states in her book that Artemis is linked to men by being she who shuns men. Her example illustrates man's inability to look at a woman as a whole being for fear of being overwhelmed. Aphrodite is only the goddess of love and Artemis is only the goddess of the hunt. While many claim that Artemis was as beautiful as Aphrodite, it is essential to distinguish the two beauties. Artemis's beauty is not for the benefit of sexual relations or reproduction as is Aphrodite's. As the tale of Actaeon will prove, her beauty is not to be revealed to human sight. "The femininity of Artemis is sealed by an inviolable and unnegotiable virginity."
ARTEMIS AND CHILDBIRTH
When associated with childbirth, Artemis has the power to bring new life into the world and to take life away. Artemis helps female animals while in labor as well as humans. Women in childbirth call on Artemis while in labor and the goddess assists them or brings them quick death by means of her swift arrows in order to end their suffering. Ginette Paris points out that since Artemis witnessed the immense pain that her mother suffered while giving birth to Apollo she was compelled to dedicate herself to relieving women in labor. Artemis was born first and immediately took on the role of midwife for her mother, who was giving birth to Apollo. Paris speculates that perhaps she remained a virgin in order to avoid the pain involved in childbirth. The clothes of the women who died in childbirth were taken to Artemis because their deaths were attributed to her.
ACTAEON
Artemis was responsible for the gruesome death
of a young hunter by the name of Actaeon who made the mistake of discovering
Artemis while bathing nude with her nymphs. He had finished a long day of
hunting and was wandering around in the woods when he stumbled across Artemis.
She feared that he would boast of seeing her in the nude and, for lack of
having her arrows available, splashed water on him. Suddenly Actaeon was
transformed into a stag and he fled in fear. Actaeon's own pack of dogs spotted
him running and did not recognize him. Actaeon, despite his attempts, was not
able to identify himself. After a long chase, the dogs caught their master and
tore him to shreds and devoured his flesh.
ORION
Artemis was responsible for the death of another
talented hunter by the name of Orion. There are many conflicting stories about
why she killed him, but each story ends with the same sad fate for Orion. One
account states that Orion tried to rape Artemis and she shot him with her
arrows in retaliation. A second account declares that Orion boasted that he
would kill all of the wild animals on earth, which prompted Artemis to send a
scorpion to bring about his death. A third account claims that Orion tried to
ravish the virgin goddess and she sent a scorpion to bite him, thus getting her
revenge. A fourth account dares to claim that Artemis
fell in love with Orion and that Apollo became jealous. One day while the twins
were hunting in Crete Apollo spotted Orion swimming far out in the sea. Apollo,
knowing that it was Orion, challenged his sister to hit the distant object with
her arrow. Artemis, being the great huntress and an excellent shot, accepted
her brother's challenge and pierced Orion's temple, thus causing the death of
her beloved. When Artemis realized what she had done, she
made amends by placing him in the sky as the constellation Orion.
AGAMEMNON
Agamemnon made the mistake of killing a stag
sacred to Artemis and incurred her wrath when he wanted to sail to Troy. Other
accounts say that Agamemnon angered Artemis by declaring, after shooting a
stag, that Artemis herself could not have done such a deed. The goddess was responsible for the calm winds
and the oracle stated that, in order to get good winds to sail, Agamemnon must
sacrifice his virgin daughter, Iphigeneia, to Artemis. Agamemnon offered up his
daughter to Artemis but the goddess turned Iphigeneia into a deer at the last
minute and sent her to Taurus to be her priestess. Iphigeneia had accepted her
fate bravely and was proud to be the savior of Greece. Paris compares
Iphigeneia to Christ and Artemis to God, in that the girl will voluntarily
sacrifice herself to Artemis (her "God") for the benefit of her country.
OTHERS
Artemis punished many other men by death or
other means for offending her. One such man, Oeneus, the king of Calydon,
forgot to sacrifice to her when he offered the first fruits of his crops to the
other deities. Artemis responded by sending a wild boar to destroy his land and
crops. Artemis is also responsible for making
Narcissus fall in love with him. The punishment for Admetus forgetting to offer
her thanks during his wedding was the placement of snakes in his bridal bed.
Artemis often punished men who tried to rape women. Buphagus was punished with death by the arrows of Artemis when he tried to rape her on Mount Pholoe in Arcadia. Another such case involves two giants by the names of Otus and Ephialtes. These brothers were assaulting Hera and Artemis when Apollo sent a deer between the two brothers to distract them. Both of the brothers took aim at the deer and shot, thus shooting one another. Some sources say that the deer was actually Artemis.
In another team effort, the twins came to the rescue of their mother, Leto, who was about to be raped by the giant Tityus. Apollo and Artemis killed him and condemned him to eternal punishment in Tartarus. Artemis and Apollo also joined together to defend their mother when Niobe boasted of her twelve children compared to Leto's twins. The twins killed all of Niobe's children, one by one. If Apollo brings swift and natural death to men with his arrows and Artemis brings swift and natural death to women with her arrows, then it would make sense that Apollo killed the six boys and Artemis killed the six girls.
Artemis came to the aid of her brother by killing his mistress, Coronis, for having sex with a mortal while pregnant with Apollo's child.
CALLISTO
AND MAERA
Callisto was a devout
follower of Artemis and was held in high esteem of the goddess before she was
raped by Zeus. Artemis either killed her with an arrow and then turned her into
a she-bear or first turned her into a bear and then drove her off with arrows.
Whatever the order, Artemis denounced Callisto for breaking her vow and for no
longer being a virgin.
In another case, Artemis risked angering her father, Zeus, by killing Maera,
who was once a follower of Artemis. Maera was punished with death for breaking
her vow and becoming one of Zeus's lovers.
BRITOMARTIS
Besides the possibility that Orion was a
potential lover for Artemis, there is only one other person mentioned who
caught the attention of the chaste goddess. Bell insinuates that Artemis is in
a homosexual relationship with a woman named Britomartis. Artemis saved her
from the sexual advances of Minos and then fell in love with her.
HIPPOLYTUS
Although her relations with men were generally
non-existent, there were several exceptions. Artemis befriended Hippolytus
because he swore to serve the goddess and to uphold his vow of chastity.
Phaedra, his stepmother, falsely accused him of raping her after he rejected
her sexual advances. Hippolytus was put to death by his father and Artemis
resurrected him and sent him to Italy to establish her worship among the
people.
HERCULES
Hercules is one of the few men who was able to
escape Artemis's wrath for killing an animal sacred to her. As one of his
labors, Hercules was instructed by Eurystheus to retrieve a stag with golden
horns, a stag very dear to Artemis. Hercules, knowing Artemis's love for this
stag, tried to avoid hurting or killing it. He pursued the stag for a year and
finally killed the beast. Artemis demanded an explanation immediately and
Hercules, miraculously, was able to please the goddess by blaming the death of
the stag on Eurystheus.
AMAZONS
Artemis and the Amazons share a lot of the same
qualities. Men are not able to tame them and they pose a threat by their
resistance to conform. The Amazons and Artemis shun men as well as their
feminine sides but are still beautiful and appealing to men. Artemis is a
chaste goddess as are many Amazons. It seems that this unavailability is what
entices men. The Amazons were priestesses and attendants to the temple of
Artemis at Ephesus. They also built shrines to Apollo and Artemis at
Pyrrhichus.
ZEUS
There is not much information concerning Artemis
and her father, Zeus. It is said that Artemis went to her father and denounced
the customary long tunics that women wore. She declared that she wanted freedom
of movement in her clothing so that she could move about easily and hunt more
efficiently. She denounced jewelry and asked for arrows like her brother Apollo
had. She declared that she wanted to wear a short
tunic and flat-heeled sandals. Another story documents Artemis going to her
father and sitting on his knee to tell him what has upset her so. Hera, Zeus's
wife, who was wildly jealous of Artemis because she was Leto's child, insults
Artemis. She spills her arrows and boxes her ears, thus prompting the young
Artemis to seek refuge with her father.
RITUALS SURROUNDING ARTEMIS
Artemis was the
protector of young children ages nine and up. These children were just released
from their mothers' clutches, yet not quite ready to enter the stage of Aphrodite.
At festivals held in Ancient Greece, the young girls would sometimes wear
bearskins and played "acting the bear." The female bear is one of the
most difficult animals to domesticate. They acted out in dances the gestures
and growl of the bear. These dances were for the realization of the physical
body, not the body in a sexual or maternal sense. This time in a girl's life is essentially the
last chance she gets to play and have fun before entering into the Aphrodite
stage.
The night before
they were to be married, young girls sacrificed their tunics, toys, dolls and
all youthful belongings to Artemis as a farewell to their youth. It is also believed that these young girls
wanted to please Artemis so that she would aid them in childbirth in the
future.
Worship of Artemis was not restricted to young girls and women in during childbirth. Some men took vows of chastity under Artemis, such as Hippolytus. The priests of Artemis castrated themselves voluntarily to serve her. Hunters also made sacrifices to the great goddess of the hunt. When a hunter had a successful day he would hand the skin and horns of his prey on a tree or pillar as an act of gratitude towards Artemis.