Ваагн (от Вана и Ваэ) - архетип образа Яхве

божестве вулканической активности)

 

Проф. Ваганян Г., Ваганян В., член Союза дизайнеров Армении
и Центра исследования доисторического искусства, Валькамоника, Италия

 

Переход к статье

 

Приложение

Тешуб

Извержение вулкана

Types of volcanic eruptions

Erection

Mount Wank

Artemis by Melissa Coffey

Тешуб, Тешшуб (хуррит. Tessob, Tessub), Тейшеба (урарт. Teiseba), хуррито-урартский бог грозы. Имя Тешуб в хурритском и урартском языках, видимо, генетически восходит к общему прототипу; -seb, -seba в нём, возможно, родственно хеттскому -zif-> хетт. -zipa, -sepa в именах богов и имеет соответствия в названиях божеств в нахско-дагестанских языках. Священный город и резиденция Тешуба - Куммия (хуррит. Kumme, урарт. Qume-wu, первоначальное значение, по-видимому, "священный" > ликийск. kum-, "священный"), его жена - Хебат (хуррит. Hebat, урарт. Huba; ряд исследователей предполагает их генетическую общность). В хурритской мифологии Тешуб возглавляет богов актуального настоящего. Согласно теогоническому циклу о смене поколений богов (см. в ст. Хурритская мифология), отец Тешуба - Кумарби (бог Ану, побеждённый Кумарби, оставляет в нём своё семя, в результате Тешуб выходит из головы Кумарби), Тешуб свергает его с небесного престола. Кумарби родит сына-мстителя Улликумме, призванного вернуть ему власть на небесах. Тешуб побеждает Улликумме, а затем захватившего власть бога-хранителя (KAL) и также претендующего на небесный престол бога Серебро. По мере распространения хурритского культурного влияния мифы о Тешубе, обрядовые изображения Тешуба (в частности, в образе быка) и богов его свиты (брата Ташмишу и др.) широко распространились в пределах Хеттского царства. Тешуб и сопутствующие ему божества изображены на рельефах святилища Язылыкая близ Богазкёя.

Лит.: Laroche E., Tessub, Hebat et leur cour, "Journal of cuneiform studies", 1948, v. 2, No 2.

В. В. Иванов

Тешуб — бог грозы, почитаемый во всей Малой Азии. В текстах хеттской мифологии говорится о том, как грозный Тешуб победил отца богов Кумарби. Кумарби родил сына-мстителя Улликумме, призванного вернуть ему власть; сотворенный из диорита и выросший до огромных размеров на спине гиганта Упеллури, он был так велик, что, пытаясь рассмотреть его, Тешуб поднялся на вершину высокой горы, а увидев чудовище, пришел в ужас и призвал богов на помощь. Однако это не принесло ему успеха. Улликумме добрался до ворот Куммии, родного города Тешуба, и заставил бога отречься от власти. Тешуб искал совета у мудрого бога Энки; после недолгих размышлений тот извлек из земли древнюю пилу с помощью которой были разделены небеса и земля, и разрезал диорит у основания. В результате Улликумме быстро ослабел, и боги решили снова напасть на него. Конец текста утерян, но принято считать, что Тешуб все же вернул себе царство и трон. Супруга Тешуба, Хебат, занимала равное положение со своим мужем, а иногда и превосходила его. Атрибуты Тешуба - топор и молния. Иногда его изображали с бородой, вооруженным дубинкой, попирающим священную гору. К верховным богам Урарту относятся боги Халди, Тейшеба и Шивини, а также их супруги Арубаини, Хуба и Тушпуеа. Три верховных мужских божества образовывали триаду в урартской религии, что является распространённой в ближневосточных религиях ситуацией. В различных реляциях и в описаниях своих подвигов урартские цари регулярно выделяли именно эти три божества. Супруга бога Халди (верховный бог) –Арубани, Супруга бога Тейшебы (бог грозы и войны)  - Хуба. Супруга бога Шивини (бог солнца) – Тушпуеа.

Интересная связь имеется в названии города Аринна (Arinna), a city a day's march from Hattusa the capital of the Hittites, was perhaps the major cult center of the Hittites, and certainly of their major sun goddess, known as dUTU URUArinna "sun goddess of Arinna". Hittite Empire. Name: URUHa-at-ti ("The Land of Hatti") 16th century BC, 1180 BC.

http://ru.wikipedia.org

Данная версия страницы не проверялась участниками с соответствующими правами. Вы можете прочитать последнюю стабильную версию, проверенную 22 апреля 2010, однако она может значительно отличаться от текущей версии. Проверки требуют 16 правок.

Извержение вулкана - процесс выброса вулканом на земную поверхность раскалённых обломков, пепла, излияние магмы, которая, излившись на поверхность, становится лавой. Извержение вулкана может иметь временной период от нескольких часов до многих лет.Извержения вулканов относятся к геологическим чрезвычайным ситуациям, которые могут привести к стихийным бедствиям.

ВУЛКАНИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗВЕРЖЕНИЯ – volcanic eruption – период деятельности вулкана, когда он выбрасывает на земную поверхность раскаленные или горячие газообразные, жидкие и твердые продукты и изливает лаву. Являются крупными стихийными бедствиями, разрушающими природные и антропогенные системы и угрожающие жизни людей. Они бывают длительными (несколько лет и более) и кратковременными (часы). Им предшествуют землетрясения, акустические явления, изменения магнитных свойств, состава фумарольных газов и др. явления.

Types of volcanic eruptions, http://en.wikipedia.org/

 During a volcanic eruption, lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic bombs and blocks), and various gases are expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure. Several types of volcanic eruptions have been distinguished by volcanologists. These are often named after famous volcanoes where that type of behavior has been observed. Some volcanoes may exhibit only one characteristic type of eruption during a period of activity, while others may display an entire sequence of types all in one eruptive series.

Erection, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is the latest accepted revision, accepted on 15 November 2010.

Penile erection is a physiological phenomenon where the penis becomes enlarged and firm. Penile erection is the result of a complex interaction of psychological, neural, vascular and endocrine factors, and is usually, though not exclusively, associated with sexual arousal. Penile erection can also occur due to a full urinary bladder. In some males, erection can occur spontaneously at any time of day, and is known as nocturnal penile tumescence when occurring during REM sleep.

Эре́кция (http://ru.wikipedia.org) (от лат. erectio) — увеличение объёма и отвердение полового члена в результате наполнения кровью полостей пещеристых тел; как правило, происходит под влиянием импульсов, поступающих при половом возбуждении от нервных клеток, расположенных в поясничном отделе спинного мозга. Для человека, в отличие от животных, большое значение для эрекции имеет вторая сигнальная система. Она провоцирует эрекцию без физического воздействия на эрогенные зоны или демонстрации возбуждающего объекта, а только лишь при воспроизведении образа такового в сознании. Эрекция, в частности, наступает при мысленном воспроизведении сексуальных переживаний.

Mount Wank (German pronunciation: [ˈvaŋk]) is a German mountain close to the Austrian border in the southwestern Estergebirge range near Garmisch-Partenkirchen. The peak is 1780 metres above mean sea level. Mount Wank has been linked to Garmisch-Partenkirchen by a cable car system called the "Wankbahn" since 1928. In 1982 the lift was upgraded into a modern rotary cable car system. The ride takes 20 minutes from the valley to a mountain station close to the peak (Valley Station 728m, mountain station 1742m). The mountain hut (Alois Huber House) was built by the local branch of the German Alpine Association (DAV) in 1911. It is possible for a fit person to reach the summit without major difficulty. As well as the track next to the cable car, you can walk from the swimming pool in Farchant via Esterberg meadow, or from nearby Gschwandtner-Bauern (east of Garmisch-Partenkirchen along the round to Mittenwald). The peak is popular for its spectacular panorama. The Wank is also a popular destination for enthusiasts of paragliding who take off from the peak to fly south into the Garmisch-Partenkirchen valley or to peaks in the Wettersteingebirge.

Artemis by Melissa Coffey

(Paper submitted to Images of Women in the Ancient World: Issues of Interpretation and Identity, Spring 1998)

 

THE ORIGINS OF ARTEMIS

      Some say that Artemis's origins lie in Artemis Ephesus, as a Great Mother Goddess. As Artemis Ephesus she is not a virgin, but is instead featured in a sculpture with many breasts, thus, signifying that she is mother of all life. Leeming speculates that Artemis probably once had a lover attendant as Artemis Ephesus, but never as a Greek goddess. He continues to say that the change from the Mother Goddess to the virginal and masculine Pallas Athena "suggests a defeminization of the Great Goddess." Leeming contributes this "defeminization" to the undermining of her powerful matriarchal cult by patriarchal Homeric/Olympian religion. The final product of this "defeminization" is the Artemis that most are familiar with today: the virgin goddess of the hunt and childbirth and the protector of the young, both animals and humans.

 

THE BIRTH OF ARTEMIS

      Of all the major Olympian goddesses, Artemis is the only one who had a mother. Artemis is usually considered to be the daughter of Leto and Zeus. Hera, Zeus's wife, was furious upon learning of her husband's infidelity and forbade anyone to give refuge to Leto in order to give birth to her twins. Leto wandered around and finally settled to the island of Delos to deliver her children. Apollo became god of the sun and Artemis became goddess of the moon and of the hunt.

 

ATTRIBUTES OF ARTEMIS

      Artemis can easily be identified wearing her short tunic with flat-heeled sandals with a bag of arrows on her back. She is associated with many of the animals of the wild including the bear, the boar, the stag, the goat and packs of dogs. She is the goddess of the hunt and is thus associated with death, bows and arrows and youth. Her arrows, often used in the hunt, serve several other purposes as well. Artemis is said to have the power to infect people with a plague with her arrows as well as use them to punish those who have wronged her. She is associated with childbirth and may use her arrows to relieve those in labor. Artemis is also associated with the crescent moon, which she sometimes wears upon her head. Artemis, like Athena, is a chaste goddess and her many followers take vows of chastity while under the service of Artemis.

     

 

FEMINIST ARTEMIS

      Feminists such as Ginette Paris praise Artemis because she is "an archetype of femininity that is pure and primitive." She clarifies this statement by pointing out that Artemis does not exist in relation to any males. She is not identified as a wife (Hera to Zeus), lover (Aphrodite to Mars), child (Athena to Zeus) or as mother (Demeter to Persephone). However, Downing states in her book that Artemis is linked to men by being she who shuns men. Her example illustrates man's inability to look at a woman as a whole being for fear of being overwhelmed. Aphrodite is only the goddess of love and Artemis is only the goddess of the hunt. While many claim that Artemis was as beautiful as Aphrodite, it is essential to distinguish the two beauties. Artemis's beauty is not for the benefit of sexual relations or reproduction as is Aphrodite's. As the tale of Actaeon will prove, her beauty is not to be revealed to human sight. "The femininity of Artemis is sealed by an inviolable and unnegotiable virginity."

 

ARTEMIS AND CHILDBIRTH

      When associated with childbirth, Artemis has the power to bring new life into the world and to take life away. Artemis helps female animals while in labor as well as humans. Women in childbirth call on Artemis while in labor and the goddess assists them or brings them quick death by means of her swift arrows in order to end their suffering. Ginette Paris points out that since Artemis witnessed the immense pain that her mother suffered while giving birth to Apollo she was compelled to dedicate herself to relieving women in labor. Artemis was born first and immediately took on the role of midwife for her mother, who was giving birth to Apollo. Paris speculates that perhaps she remained a virgin in order to avoid the pain involved in childbirth. The clothes of the women who died in childbirth were taken to Artemis because their deaths were attributed to her.

ACTAEON
      Artemis was responsible for the gruesome death of a young hunter by the name of Actaeon who made the mistake of discovering Artemis while bathing nude with her nymphs. He had finished a long day of hunting and was wandering around in the woods when he stumbled across Artemis. She feared that he would boast of seeing her in the nude and, for lack of having her arrows available, splashed water on him. Suddenly Actaeon was transformed into a stag and he fled in fear. Actaeon's own pack of dogs spotted him running and did not recognize him. Actaeon, despite his attempts, was not able to identify himself. After a long chase, the dogs caught their master and tore him to shreds and devoured his flesh
.

        

ORION
      Artemis was responsible for the death of another talented hunter by the name of Orion. There are many conflicting stories about why she killed him, but each story ends with the same sad fate for Orion. One account states that Orion tried to rape Artemis and she shot him with her arrows in retaliation. A second account declares that Orion boasted that he would kill all of the wild animals on earth, which prompted Artemis to send a scorpion to bring about his death. A third account claims that Orion tried to ravish the virgin goddess and she sent a scorpion to bite him, thus getting her revenge.
A fourth account dares to claim that Artemis fell in love with Orion and that Apollo became jealous. One day while the twins were hunting in Crete Apollo spotted Orion swimming far out in the sea. Apollo, knowing that it was Orion, challenged his sister to hit the distant object with her arrow. Artemis, being the great huntress and an excellent shot, accepted her brother's challenge and pierced Orion's temple, thus causing the death of her beloved. When Artemis realized what she had done, she made amends by placing him in the sky as the constellation Orion.

AGAMEMNON
      Agamemnon made the mistake of killing a stag sacred to Artemis and incurred her wrath when he wanted to sail to Troy. Other accounts say that Agamemnon angered Artemis by declaring, after shooting a stag, that Artemis herself could not have done such a deed.
The goddess was responsible for the calm winds and the oracle stated that, in order to get good winds to sail, Agamemnon must sacrifice his virgin daughter, Iphigeneia, to Artemis. Agamemnon offered up his daughter to Artemis but the goddess turned Iphigeneia into a deer at the last minute and sent her to Taurus to be her priestess. Iphigeneia had accepted her fate bravely and was proud to be the savior of Greece. Paris compares Iphigeneia to Christ and Artemis to God, in that the girl will voluntarily sacrifice herself to Artemis (her "God") for the benefit of her country.

OTHERS
      Artemis punished many other men by death or other means for offending her. One such man, Oeneus, the king of Calydon, forgot to sacrifice to her when he offered the first fruits of his crops to the other deities. Artemis responded by sending a wild boar to destroy his land and crops.
Artemis is also responsible for making Narcissus fall in love with him. The punishment for Admetus forgetting to offer her thanks during his wedding was the placement of snakes in his bridal bed.

      Artemis often punished men who tried to rape women. Buphagus was punished with death by the arrows of Artemis when he tried to rape her on Mount Pholoe in Arcadia. Another such case involves two giants by the names of Otus and Ephialtes. These brothers were assaulting Hera and Artemis when Apollo sent a deer between the two brothers to distract them. Both of the brothers took aim at the deer and shot, thus shooting one another. Some sources say that the deer was actually Artemis.

      In another team effort, the twins came to the rescue of their mother, Leto, who was about to be raped by the giant Tityus. Apollo and Artemis killed him and condemned him to eternal punishment in Tartarus. Artemis and Apollo also joined together to defend their mother when Niobe boasted of her twelve children compared to Leto's twins. The twins killed all of Niobe's children, one by one. If Apollo brings swift and natural death to men with his arrows and Artemis brings swift and natural death to women with her arrows, then it would make sense that Apollo killed the six boys and Artemis killed the six girls.

      Artemis came to the aid of her brother by killing his mistress, Coronis, for having sex with a mortal while pregnant with Apollo's child.

     

 

CALLISTO AND MAERA

      Callisto was a devout follower of Artemis and was held in high esteem of the goddess before she was raped by Zeus. Artemis either killed her with an arrow and then turned her into a she-bear or first turned her into a bear and then drove her off with arrows. Whatever the order, Artemis denounced Callisto for breaking her vow and for no longer being a virgin. In another case, Artemis risked angering her father, Zeus, by killing Maera, who was once a follower of Artemis. Maera was punished with death for breaking her vow and becoming one of Zeus's lovers.

 

BRITOMARTIS
      Besides the possibility that Orion was a potential lover for Artemis, there is only one other person mentioned who caught the attention of the chaste goddess. Bell insinuates that Artemis is in a homosexual relationship with a woman named Britomartis. Artemis saved her from the sexual advances of Minos and then fell in love with her.

HIPPOLYTUS
      Although her relations with men were generally non-existent, there were several exceptions. Artemis befriended Hippolytus because he swore to serve the goddess and to uphold his vow of chastity. Phaedra, his stepmother, falsely accused him of raping her after he rejected her sexual advances. Hippolytus was put to death by his father and Artemis resurrected him and sent him to Italy to establish her worship among the people.

HERCULES
      Hercules is one of the few men who was able to escape Artemis's wrath for killing an animal sacred to her. As one of his labors, Hercules was instructed by Eurystheus to retrieve a stag with golden horns, a stag very dear to Artemis. Hercules, knowing Artemis's love for this stag, tried to avoid hurting or killing it. He pursued the stag for a year and finally killed the beast. Artemis demanded an explanation immediately and Hercules, miraculously, was able to please the goddess by blaming the death of the stag on Eurystheus.

AMAZONS
      Artemis and the Amazons share a lot of the same qualities. Men are not able to tame them and they pose a threat by their resistance to conform. The Amazons and Artemis shun men as well as their feminine sides but are still beautiful and appealing to men. Artemis is a chaste goddess as are many Amazons. It seems that this unavailability is what entices men. The Amazons were priestesses and attendants to the temple of Artemis at Ephesus. They also built shrines to Apollo and Artemis at Pyrrhichus.

ZEUS
      There is not much information concerning Artemis and her father, Zeus. It is said that Artemis went to her father and denounced the customary long tunics that women wore. She declared that she wanted freedom of movement in her clothing so that she could move about easily and hunt more efficiently. She denounced jewelry and asked for arrows like her brother Apollo had.
She declared that she wanted to wear a short tunic and flat-heeled sandals. Another story documents Artemis going to her father and sitting on his knee to tell him what has upset her so. Hera, Zeus's wife, who was wildly jealous of Artemis because she was Leto's child, insults Artemis. She spills her arrows and boxes her ears, thus prompting the young Artemis to seek refuge with her father.

 

RITUALS SURROUNDING ARTEMIS

      Artemis was the protector of young children ages nine and up. These children were just released from their mothers' clutches, yet not quite ready to enter the stage of Aphrodite. At festivals held in Ancient Greece, the young girls would sometimes wear bearskins and played "acting the bear." The female bear is one of the most difficult animals to domesticate. They acted out in dances the gestures and growl of the bear. These dances were for the realization of the physical body, not the body in a sexual or maternal sense. This time in a girl's life is essentially the last chance she gets to play and have fun before entering into the Aphrodite stage.

      The night before they were to be married, young girls sacrificed their tunics, toys, dolls and all youthful belongings to Artemis as a farewell to their youth. It is also believed that these young girls wanted to please Artemis so that she would aid them in childbirth in the future.

      Worship of Artemis was not restricted to young girls and women in during childbirth. Some men took vows of chastity under Artemis, such as Hippolytus. The priests of Artemis castrated themselves voluntarily to serve her. Hunters also made sacrifices to the great goddess of the hunt. When a hunter had a successful day he would hand the skin and horns of his prey on a tree or pillar as an act of gratitude towards Artemis.

 

  31.01.2011 © Vahanyan G., Vahanyan V., ArcaLer-HaykNet, Armenia